Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen – deutschsprachige Kurzfassung (DASS)

Nilges, P. & Essau, C. A. (2021)

The short German-language version of the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scales (DASS) is used in pain research and treatment and was developed to assess core psychological aspects of depression, anxiety, and stress. It includes three scales with seven items each. The assessment of psychological distress is of central importance in pain research and treatment. For depression as a comorbidity in pain, there are particular methodological and conceptual difficulties. Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .91 (depression), alpha = .78-.82 (anxiety) and alpha = .81-.89 (stress). Validity: Construct validity of the DASS were compared with HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and ADS (General Depression Scale). Specificity and sensitivity for depression were determined using a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SKID) and also compared with ADS and HADS.

Constructs/Subject headings: Depression and Suicidality

Number of items: 21 Items

Language of items: German

Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ)

Fliege, H., Rose, M., Arck, P., Levenstein, S., Klapp, B.F. (2009)

The PSQ measures the actual subjective stress. In the normal version it consists of 30 items (7 subscales: Harassment, Overload, Irritability, Lack of Joy, Fatigue, Worries, Tension) and in the short version of 20 items (4 subscales: Worries, Tension, Joy and Demands). Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was at alpha = .80-.86. Similar values were obtained for the split-half reliability. Validity: Factors 1 and 2 (worries & tension) as well as the overall stress life correlated particularly high negative and factor 3 (joy) highly positive with the psychological domain of the WHO quality of life questionnaire. Factor 2 (tension) correlated highly negatively with the physical QOL dimension of the WHOQOL. The social support recorded by the social support questionnaire correlated negatively with the stress experience. The criterion validity was determined for n = 50 persons from the group of women with miscarriage, which were divided into those with a high and those with a low stress score. The group with a higher stress factor showed a higher immunological imbalance, characterized by a significantly higher incidence of tryptase-plus mast cells (TMC-Plus), CD8-Plus T cells and tumor necrosis factor alpha cells. Furthermore, improvements in the stress experience of psychosomatic patients undergoing inpatient treatment were observed over a period of five weeks. Norms : The standardization was performed on N = 650 persons between 17 and 79 years.

Older versions can be found:

1. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.351
   
2. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.2889
   
3. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.5138

Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests

Number of items: 30 Items (PSQ-30), 20 Items (PSQ-20)

Language of items: German English Spanish French Italian

Stress- und Coping-Inventar (2., überarbeitete und neunormierte Version) (SCI)

Satow, L. (2024)

The revision of the Stress and Coping Inventory (SCI) uses seven scales and a total of 45 items to measure psychological stress, stress symptoms and stress management strategies. Reliability: The internal consistency lies between Cronbach's alpha = .75 and alpha = .87. Validity: The factorial validity was confirmed by factor analysis. The scale intercorrelation was examined. Similar scales show high correlation and dissimilar negative correlations (e.g. stress load/positive thinking: r = -.37). Special groups such as job seekers, alcohol and addiction abusers (e.g. drugs or gambling) show higher stress levels. Stressed students also exhibited maladaptive coping strategies more frequently.

Constructs/Subject headings: Well-being and Resilience, Therapy related diagnostics

Number of items: 45 Items

Language of items: German English French Spanish Italian

Komplizierte Trauer Modul (KTM)

Maercker, A., Langner, R. (2008)

The aim of the KTM is to explore how the loss of a relative affects individuals. This should also differentiate the "complicated grief" with intrusions, avoidances and mismatches from other grief. The KTM was developed from the manuscript version of the "Complicated Grief Module" by Horowitz et al. (1992) and is based on the "Stress response model". There is a long version (interview version) with 35 items as well as a short version with 27 items. Reliability: The correlation coefficients of the individual symptom categories in the long version are alpha = .77-.87. Validity: In order to measure construct validity, the effect size was determined in the long version, i.e. to what extent each item can differentiate between high and low characteristic values. Three items with an effect size below d = .80 were then excluded. Spearman was used to measure the correlation between the items and the three symptom categories. The results suggested that although the items differ, they correlate with several symptom categories and that the symptom categories overlap. Therefore, this indicates that with all three different symptom categories the same superordinate abnormality is measured.

Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests

Number of items: 27 Items (Fragebogen); 35 Items (Interviewform)

Language of items: German

Everyday Stressors Index - deutsche Fassung (ESI)

Jäkel, J., Leyendecker, B. (2009)

The ESI, adapted from the Everyday Stressors Index (ESI) of Hall (1983) into German, serves to assess everyday problems and stress, especially for young mothers with a low socioeconomic status. Everyday stressors are considered good indicators of adjustment difficulties and are attributed a higher prediction of psychological symptoms than stressful life events. The asked for stressors are financial and interpersonal problems, role stress, job problems and parental worries (k = 19). The assessment of mothers' everyday stress is of particular relevance, as it can have an impact on children's educational and developmental opportunities. Reliability: The internal consistency of the questionnaire was determined with Cronbach's Alpha and was Alpha = .86. Validity: No information on the validity of the German procedure is available.

Constructs/Subject headings: Well-being and Resilience, Behavior Scales

Number of items: 19 Items

Language of items: German

Skala Lehrer-Selbstwirksamkeit (WirkLehr)

Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G.S. (2002)

The scale for measuring the individual self-efficacy expectations of teachers consists of 10 items. Reliability: The internal consistency of the scale was between alpha = .76 and alpha = .82 at the different measuring points in time, so the instrument is homogeneous and measures reliably. Retestreliabilities for the period of one year were r12 = .67, r23 = .76 and r34 = .78, for two and r13 = .65 and r14 = .61 for three years, respectively. Validity: The nationwide test with teachers in 10 schools also provided indications of validity. Self-effective teachers were more used to sacrificing part of their free time for additional commitment than the less self-effective teachers. The development of burnout at work could be predicted relatively well over a period of years on the basis of self-efficacy expectations (correlations between teacher self-efficacy and three burnout dimensions at measurement points 2 to 4 between r = .41 and r = .79). There was also empirical evidence for a causal predomination of self-efficacy expectations over burnout.

Constructs/Subject headings: School-Related Attitudes, Other Personality Tests

Number of items: 10 Items

Language of items: German

Burnout-Mobbing-Inventar (BMI)

Satow, L. (2013)

The BMI measures three typical work-related stress and motivation problems. In addition to burnout, boreout and mobbing, the BMI also contains two scales for recording general loss of motivation and psychological/physical secondary symptoms. The five scales comprise a total of 44 items. Reliability: Cronbach's alpha of the subscales varies between .85 and .88. Validity: The factorial structure was confirmed at the standardization sample (N = 5 520); furthermore, significant correlations with stress symptoms and stress coping were found, in line with expectations. The self-employed had the lowest values for boreout, demotivation and mobbing, employees the highest values for burnout. People with high values on the burnout scale deal with stress much less favourably than people with low values. Norms: Gender-specific norms exist for four age groups.

Constructs/Subject headings: Occupational Attitudes, Other Clinical Tests

Number of items: 44 Items

Language of items: German

Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen (PTED Skala)

Linden, M., Baumann, K., Lieberei, B., Rotter, M. (2013)

The PTED Scale as a self-evaluation questionnaire contains 19 items for measuring the functions of bitterness reactions to negative life events. The questionnaire contains 19 individual statements. Reliability: Internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha = .93) and retest reliability (Spearman rho correlation was .71 for the total score, with a range of .53-.86 for individual items) were high. Validity: The PTED scale differed significantly between patients clinically assessed as suffering from pathological embitterment. Correlations with related instruments showed good convergent validity. Data from the non-clinical sample showed a prevalence of clinically relevant bitterness in the general population of 2.5%. The PTED scale allows a valid measurement of bitterness as an emotional response to a negative life event. Furthermore, the results show that reactive bitterness associated with a negative life event is a common phenomenon among clinical and non-clinical populations.

Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests

Number of items: 19 Items

Language of items: German Croatian Korean Turkish Portuguese

Ergonomie und Personaleinsatz (ERGO.PE)

Schubert, A., Rosetti, K., Langhoff, T. (2016)

The ERGO.PE measure is a process-oriented and practical instrument for recording the stress situation in medium-sized companies. It can be carried out on an individual basis. The procedure includes the four stress dimensions (1) working hours, (2) environmental conditions, (3) muscle/skeleton and (4) work organisation. A controlling sheet is used to evaluate the ergonomic improvement measures that have been introduced with regard to certain criteria and a QualiMatrix is used to analyse the variables age and competence level of the employees. No empirical data are available on reliability and validity.

Constructs/Subject headings: Occupational Attitudes

Number of items: 33 Items

Language of items: German

Job-Angst-Skala (JAS)

Linden, M., Muschalla, B., Olbrich, D. (2012)

JAS aims to differentiate between different qualities of work-related anxiety. It contains 70 items, which are aggregated to 14 subscales, which in turn can be combined to five superordinate dimensions and across all dimensions to form a total value: (1) Stimulus-related fears and avoidance behaviour (k = 17), (2) Social fears and impairment cognitions (k = 19), (3) Health- and body-related fears (k = 10), (4) Insufficiency experience (k = 14) and (5) Workplace-related generalised worries (k = 10). Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .98 (total scale), alpha = .87-.95 (superordinate scale). Comparably high values were found in the two partial samples of orthopaedic and psychosomatic patients. Retestreliability after one week was rtt =.58-.93. Validity: Several factor analyses were calculated to prove the desired scale structure. JAS mean value and STAI trait scale correlated between r = .59-.69. The criterion-related validity showed significant correlations of JAS with the previous duration of incapacity for work. Orthopaedic patients also showed lower values on almost all subscales than psychosomatic patients. Patients who had been diagnosed with workplace phobia based on a clinical interview showed higher JAS values than patients with work-related anxieties but without a diagnosis of workplace phobia.

Constructs/Subject headings: Anxiety and Anxiety disorders

Number of items: 70 Items

Language of items: German

Instrument zur stressbezogenen Arbeitsanalyse für Klinikärztinnen und -ärzte (ISAK)

Keller, M., Bamberg, E., Kersten, M., Nienhaus, A. (2016)

The ISAK identifies problem areas in medical working conditions. It is used in clinics and hospitals as well as for research purposes. The long version of the ISAK consists of 23 scales and 84 items, the short version (ISAK-K) of 14 scales and 30 items, which assess the stressors and resources of clinicians. The ISAK is based on the industrial psychology extension of the Transactional Stress Model and the theory of action regulation. Reliability: The internal consistencies of the scales lie between Cronbach's Alpha = .70 and Alpha = .95. Validity: The ISAK scales correlate with mood variables significantly to highly significant. By means of a confirmatory factor analysis the scale structure of ISAK could be confirmed. The scale intercorrelations speak for the construct validity. Positive correlations exist for the scale group stressors or resources. As expected, stressor scales and resource scales correlate negatively with each other, which is evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales.

Constructs/Subject headings: Occupational Attitudes

Number of items: 84 Items (Langversion), 30 Items (Kurzversion: ISAK-K)

Language of items: German

Differentieller Lebensbelastungsfragebogen (DLB)

Linden, M., Ritter, K. (2018)

The DLB Scale allows both negative and positive emotions to be measured. In addition to stress, an important aspect of psychological resilience in the sense of protective factors and resistance is recorded. 17 areas of life considered important were used as a basis for the construction and an item was formed for each area of life. These are 1 partnership/marriage, 2 sexuality, 3 children, 4 parents, 5 friends, 6 neighbours/citizens, 7 colleagues, 8 work, 9 leisure time, 10 health, 11 finances, 12 housing, 13 environment, 14 home, 15 politics, 16 future, 17 life balance. With the exception of the "Apartment" item, the questionnaire was psychometrically tested on N = 158 non-clinical subjects. The selectivity lies between rit = .19-.57. Reliability: The self-evaluation sheet has a good internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha = .74-.77). Validity: A calculation of the item intercorrelations shows low to medium correlations between the items. The factor analysis suggests a five-factor solution.

Constructs/Subject headings: Multidimensional Clinical Personality Tests, Multidimensional Personality (Big-Five-Model)

Number of items: 17 Items

Language of items: German

Kurzfragebogen für suchtbelastete Familienmitglieder (Version Glücksspiel) (SQFM-AA)

Buchner, U. G., Koytek, A., Wodarz, N., Wolstein, J. (2016)

The short questionnaire for addicted family members SQFM-AA (gambling version), adapted for German language use, serves to record the experiences of affected family members. The influence of the problem, different coping styles, psychological and physical symptoms and social support are recorded. The questionnaire consists of a total of 33 items in 11 subscales, each with three questions. The scale Family Stress Overall consists of the six subscales "Influence - worrying behaviour", "Influence - active disorders", "Coping - involved - emotional", "Coping - tolerant - accepting", "Symptoms - psychological" and "Symptoms - physical", the other scales (Coping - involved - determined, Coping - withdrawn - responsible, Social support - helpful informal, Social support - not helpful informal and Social support - helpful formal) are evaluated individually. Reliability: Cronbach's alpha lies between alpha = .61 and alpha = .95. Validity: In a factor analysis, 69 % of the variance could be clarified by a nine-factor solution.

Constructs/Subject headings: Eating Disorder and Addiction, Well-being and Resilience

Number of items: 33 Items

Language of items: German

Fragebogen zu Teamwork und Patientensicherheit (FTPS)

Salem, I., Renner, W., Schwarz, N. (2012)

The FTPS is the German translation of the English-speaking Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ; Sexton et al., 2006), which in turn was derived through several intermediate steps from a corresponding instrument for employees in aviation (Flight Management Attitudes Questionnaire). The FTPS examines the attitudes of hospital staff to aspects of the work situation that are relevant to patient safety. It comprises 27 statements on four subscales: (1) Dealing with errors (k = 10), (2) Management (k = 5), (3) Cooperation (k = 6) and (4) Communication (k = 6). Reliability: The internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) were alpha values of alpha = .63-.83 for the scales. Validity: In order to obtain initial validity indications, the factor values for all respondents were calculated for the four factors of the main component analysis and the values were averaged for each of the occupational groups surveyed. Variance-analytical comparisons revealed significant group differences on three of the four factors (except "leadership"). In a debriefing, these differences could be plausibly explained by the everyday working conditions of the individual occupational groups, e.g. by a particularly good working atmosphere within a group or the different perceived appreciation by other occupational groups.

Constructs/Subject headings: Occupational Attitudes

Number of items: 27 Items

Language of items: German

Ungewissheitstoleranzskala (UGTS)

Dalbert, C. (2002)

The UGTS with eight items for identifying how uncertain situations are evaluated allows the cross-divisional differentiation of persons based on their tolerance of uncertainty. Research on the tolerance of ambiguity or uncertainty goes back to Frenkel-Brunswik (1949). Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .66-.72. Stability coefficients are rtt = .72 (6-month interval), rtt = .75 (3-week interval) and rtt = .71 (6-8-month interval). Validity: The single factor model could be confirmed by factor analysis. Several studies show that the UGTS could not be replaced by an authoritarianism scale for various predictions. Under stress, persons tolerant of uncertainty showed a better current well-being than persons intolerant of uncertainty. Aggregated over situations, UGTS correlated positively with habitual well-being. High UGTS values were associated with a high probability of positive reinterpretation and a low probability of avoiding coping reactions. Persons intolerant of uncertainty had a higher agreement with the treating therapists in their problem assessments than persons tolerant of uncertainty. High scores on the UGTS were more likely to be associated with seeking new information.

Constructs/Subject headings: Other Personality Tests

Number of items: 8 Items

Language of items: German English

Instrument zur stressbezogenen Tätigkeitsanalyse bei Freelancern (ISTA-F)

Clasen, J. (2019)

The ISTA-F measures the stress-related working conditions of freelancers and is used in the field of ABO psychology. The test construction was based on the ISTA by Semmer, Zapf and Dunckel (1999) and the action-theoretical requirements, stress and resource model by Greif (1991). The ISTA-F comprises three main scales (stressors, resources & requirements) with different numbers of subscales and a total of 87 items. Reliability: The internal consistency according to Cronbach was between alpha = .62 and alpha = .95 and the retest reliability between rtt = .54 and rtt = .82 (interval: 1-3 months). Validity: The procedure is valid in terms of content. The factorial validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. As proof of construct validity, the significant intercorrelations of the subscales as well as correlations with three state of mind scales (irritation, psychosomatic complaints, joy of work/pride) can be used. To check the criterion validity, regression analyses were calculated with the result that the ISTA scales prove to be predictors of well-being indicators.

Constructs/Subject headings: Occupational Attitudes

Number of items: 87 Items

Language of items: German

Shutdown-Dissoziationsskala (Shut-D)

Schalinski, I., Schauer, M., Elbert, T. (2016)

The Shutdown Dissociation Scale was developed as a structured interview to diagnose a possible dissociation tendency. The item generation (15 items) is based on the evolutionary biological principles of the defence cascade model according to Schauer and Elbert (2010). Reliability: The scale shows a high internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha = .89. The retest reliability index is also high (rtt = .93). Validity: A factor analysis revealed indications of a one-dimensional factor structure. Convergent validity was demonstrated with the DES (Bernstein & Putnam, 1986) (r = .86). The shutdown dissociation scale separates patients with different numbers of traumatic experience types and psychopathology from healthy subjects. Furthermore, the scale differentiates diagnosis groups associated with different degrees of trauma burden. The confrontation with traumatic event types with great proximity to the attacker reinforces the occurrence and variety of dissociations (predictive validity). Furthermore, a higher degree of shutdown dissociations is shown in patients with greater symptom burden (PTSB and depression). Norms: Cut-off values are available. Thus, the dissociative subtype according to DSM-5 can be diagnosed with PTSB and a sum value on the shutdown dissociation scale > = 16.

Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests, Anxiety and Anxiety disorders

Number of items: 13 Items

Language of items: German English

Resistenzorientierung-Regenerationsorientierungs-Skala (ReRe-Skala)

Otto, J., Linden, M. (2018)

The ReRe Scale is used to identify strategies for dealing with exposure. The questionnaire consists of 20 items in the two subscales (1) resistance orientation and (2) regeneration orientation. The transactional stress model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), salutogenesis and salutotherapy (Linden & Weig, 2009), euthyme therapy according to Lutz (2011) and the concept of "Hardiness" serve as theoretical framework concepts. (Kobasa, 1979). Reliability: The reliability of the scales, each consisting of 10 items, calculated using Cronbach's Alpha is Alpha = .92 for self-care and Alpha = .93 for readiness to spend. Validity: As proof of construct validity, significant correlation coefficients with the SCl-90, the factor-analytically proven two-factor structure and the expected high scale intercorrelations speak for themselves. The results for regeneration orientation go in the expected direction, for resistance orientation these results are not clear.

Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests, Well-being and Resilience

Number of items: 20 Items

Language of items: German

Affekt-Regulation und Affekt-Wahrnehmung Q-Sort Test (AREQ)

Westen, D., Shedler, J., Löffler-Stastka, H. (2009)

The aim of the test instrument is to diagnose the prevailing affect experience and the preferred affect regulation mechanisms of the patient. In 1994, Westen developed his "Model of Affect Regulation", according to which affects play a central role in personality. A maximum of 24 hours before the rating, an approximately 60-80-minute narrative clinical interview is conducted. The basic questions are given, but can be adapted, shortened or extended by the interviewer for the individual person and situation. The interview is divided into 12 subject areas, each with a main question and a different number of supplementary questions. The 12 subject areas are, for example, information on: (1) oneself as a person, (2) complaints and psychiatric medical history, (3) childhood, or (4) relationship with the mother with an event. Reliability: Not available. Validity: High correlations are reported on the scales "reality-focused answers" and "socializes negative affect" with external criteria such as the number of admissions in psychiatric hospitals and suicide attempts, the GAF score and the functional level of personality organization according to Kernberg.

Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests

Number of items: 98 Items

Language of items: German

Children of Alcoholics Screening Test - deutsche Version (CAST)

Baltruschat, N., Geissner, E. & Klein, M. (2022)

The CAST, adapted from English, can be used to assess parental alcohol exposure in children. It consists of 29 items with a single-factor structure. The psychometric quality was examined in a sample of female subjects suffering from an eating disorder. Reliability: For the total score, Baltruschat et al. (2005) reported a Cronbach's alpha of .95. Validity: The two scales of the shortened version of the CAST were correlated with the SCL-90-R and the FPI-R. Low correlations exist between CAST scales 1 and 2 and the SCL-90-R. They average around r = .14 for scale 1 and around r = .17 for scale 2. With regard to the FPI, there are also low correlations. For CAST scale 1 they are on average around r = .09 and for CAST scale 2 around r = .11.

Constructs/Subject headings: Well-being and Resilience, Eating Disorder and Addiction

Number of items: 29 Items

Language of items: German