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Contact person for the Open Test Archive
Gülay Karadere (Dipl.-Psych.)
Research Associate
guek@leibniz-psychology.org
Search Results for: 'angst'
Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen – deutschsprachige Kurzfassung (DASS)
Nilges, P. & Essau, C. A. (2021)
The short German-language version of the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scales (DASS) is used in pain research and treatment and was developed to assess core psychological aspects of depression, anxiety, and stress. It includes three scales with seven items each. The assessment of psychological distress is of central importance in pain research and treatment. For depression as a comorbidity in pain, there are particular methodological and conceptual difficulties. Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .91 (depression), alpha = .78-.82 (anxiety) and alpha = .81-.89 (stress). Validity: Construct validity of the DASS were compared with HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and ADS (General Depression Scale). Specificity and sensitivity for depression were determined using a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SKID) and also compared with ADS and HADS.
Constructs/Subject headings: Depression and Suicidality
Number of items: 21 Items
Language of items: German
Angstsensitivitätsindex-3 (ASI-3)
Kemper, C. J., Ziegler, M., Taylor, S. (2011)
The ASI-3 which was translated from English into German was developed to measure the construct fear sensitivity. It contains 18 items, from which a total scale and the three subscales (1) somatic concerns (BSM), (2) social concerns (BZS) and (3) cognitive concerns (BKO). Reliability: The internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) lie between alpha = .75 and alpha = .92. Validity: The postulated three-factor hierarchical test model was proven. Furthermore, the factorial structure proved to be (metrically) invariant with respect to the survey mode and the language version. The empirical validity coefficients adequately reflect the relationships of the construct in the nomological network known from the literature. The highest correlations can be found with alternative measures of the construct and with scales to measure anxiety and body vigilance. Medium to high validity coefficients result for depressivity and various other symptom measures. Convergent correlations also occurred with neuroticism. Discriminant correlations were found with the other factors of the five-factor model. The differential validity of the three subscales could be proven with validation criteria on the basis of different strong correlations of BSM, BSO and BKO. Finally, persons with different clinical diagnoses could be differentiated on the basis of their expressions on the subscales.
Constructs/Subject headings: Anxiety and Anxiety disorders, Personality Tests for Anxiety
Number of items: 18 Items
Language of items: German
Job-Angst-Skala (JAS)
Linden, M., Muschalla, B., Olbrich, D. (2012)
JAS aims to differentiate between different qualities of work-related anxiety. It contains 70 items, which are aggregated to 14 subscales, which in turn can be combined to five superordinate dimensions and across all dimensions to form a total value: (1) Stimulus-related fears and avoidance behaviour (k = 17), (2) Social fears and impairment cognitions (k = 19), (3) Health- and body-related fears (k = 10), (4) Insufficiency experience (k = 14) and (5) Workplace-related generalised worries (k = 10). Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .98 (total scale), alpha = .87-.95 (superordinate scale). Comparably high values were found in the two partial samples of orthopaedic and psychosomatic patients. Retestreliability after one week was rtt =.58-.93. Validity: Several factor analyses were calculated to prove the desired scale structure. JAS mean value and STAI trait scale correlated between r = .59-.69. The criterion-related validity showed significant correlations of JAS with the previous duration of incapacity for work. Orthopaedic patients also showed lower values on almost all subscales than psychosomatic patients. Patients who had been diagnosed with workplace phobia based on a clinical interview showed higher JAS values than patients with work-related anxieties but without a diagnosis of workplace phobia.
Constructs/Subject headings: Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 70 Items
Language of items: German
Skala Angst vor negativer Bewertung-5 (SANB-5)
Kemper, C.J., Lutz, J., Neuser, J. (2011)
The SANB-5 is the German adaptation of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969) and measures the dispositional fear of negative evaluation (evaluation anxiety). Its main areas of application are in personality psychological, social psychological or clinical-psychological research. The questionnaire consists of five items. Reliability: Depending on the sample, the internal consistency varies between Cronbach's Alpha = .84 and Alpha = .94. Validity: The validation studies have shown that SANB-5 is factorially valid. The single-factor model could be proven by different samples. Furthermore, the SANB-5 correlates almost perfectly with the original SANB. With the SANB-5, people with a diagnosis of social phobia can be differentiated from individuals without such a diagnosis. Finally, the convergent and discriminant validity could be verified on the basis of various samples. Overall, the SANB-5 showed a pattern of convergent and discriminant correlations with measures of anxiety and depression as well as the factors of the five-factor model of personality, in line with expectations.
Constructs/Subject headings: Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 5 Items
Language of items: German
Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale - deutsche Fassung (STARS-D)
Macher, D., Paechter, M., Ruggeri, K., Papousek, I. (2015)
The STARS-D is useful for research purposes for measuring students' fears about statistics. It can also be used for student counselling, for example in cases of learning and study difficulties. It consists of 51 items with two superordinate scales (1 Fear of Statistics, 2 Attitudes towards Statistics). With 23 items, scale (1) comprises the subscales (a) Fear in statistics courses and statistics examinations, (b) Fear of interpreting statistical results and (c) Fear of asking for help. With 28 items, scale (2) comprises the subscales (d) academic self-concept in statistics, (e) value of statistics, and (f) attitude towards statistics teachers. Reliability: The test-retest correlations are in a satisfactory to very good range, except for the scale "fear of asking for help". The two overall scales also show very good retest reliabilities. The internal consistencies lie between alpha = .80 and .99 (exception: subscale "fear of asking for help"). Validity: A six-factor model as well as a six-factor model with two superordinate factors were shown factor-analytically. Significant results were obtained in a laboratory experiment and in field studies.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety, Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 51 Items
Language of items: German
Tunnelangstfragebogen (TAF)
Mühlberger, A., Pauli, P. (2010)
The TAF was developed to assess the severity and intensity of tunnel anxiety and to evaluate therapies for managing tunnel anxiety. The TAF comprises the two scales (1) Fear when driving in a tunnel as a driver and (2) Fear as a co-driver with 11 items each. Reliability: The internal consistency was Cronbach's alpha = .85-.90. For a 10-item version it was alpha = .94 (fear as driver) or alpha = .95 (fear as co-driver) and the retest reliability (after 3 months) was rtt = .71 or rtt = .80. Validity: "Patients with tunnel anxiety" vs. "Control persons" differed significantly in the extent of self-reported avoidance of tunneling, the values on different fear scales (Fear and General Symptoms Questionnaire; subscales anxiety, phobic fear from SCL-90-R) and the Global Severity Index. In addition, persons classified as tunnel anxious showed higher subjective fear and more pronounced psychophysiological fear reactions when driving through a tunnel in a virtual driving environment. The scale "Fear as a passenger" also showed a high correlation of r = .71 with the subscale "Overcrowded and closed rooms" from the FGSQ.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety, Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 22 Items
Language of items: German
Schüchternheitsskalen für Kinder (SSK)
Asendorpf, J. B. (2002)
The SSK measure the shyness and inhibition of children. The SSK consist of two scales with four items each: (1) Inhibition towards other children and (2) Inhibition towards other adults. Reliability: The reliability of the two scales is at Cronbach's Alpha > .80. Together, the scales reach a value above Alpha = .85. In the self-assessment by the children (with appropriate item formulation), the reliability coefficient of both scales decreases to Alpha < .70. In a further study, reliabilities (Cronbach's Alpha) of at least .85, measured over seven measuring points, could be demonstrated. Furthermore, values between alpha = .83 and .95 with an average reliability of alpha = .90 were achieved. Validity: In a longitudinal study, the predictive validity of three personality types (under-controlled vs. over-controlled vs. resilient) was examined. Children from the age of 4 to 23 were examined using the shyness scale, among others. It was found that overcontrolled people have higher values in the shyness scale, which remain stable, while the value for shyness of undercontrolled people is low at 4 years, increases with age (17 years) and then remains stable. Resilient persons are shy at the beginning, but the shyness value decreases steadily.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety
Number of items: 8 Items
Language of items: German
Schüchternheits- und Geselligkeitsskalen für Erwachsene (SGSE)
Asendorpf, J. B. (2002)
The SGSE measures the shyness and sociability of adults. According to Asendorpf (1986, 1987, 1989), shyness manifests itself in the company of others, especially when a conflict of approach and avoidance is triggered. The SGSE consist of two scales, Shyness and Sociability, each with 5 items. Reliability: Cronbach's Alpha for shyness is .80 and for sociability is .66-.70. Neyer and Asendorpf (2001) tested the stability of seven personality traits over two measuring points (1995 and 1999). Shyness and sociability are two subcategories of extraversion. With the exception of two correlation values, significant correlations were found, which were higher compared to the results of Asendorpf and Wilpers (1998). Validity: The negative correlations of r = -.50 between the scales shyness and sociability speak for the divergent validity. Including the German version of the NEO-FFI (Borkenau & Ostendorf, 1993), a study again showed a negative correlation (r = -.58) between shyness and sociability. The Neuroticism and Tolerance scales achieved high correlation coefficients with the two SGSE scales (Neuroticism-Shy: r = .45, Neuroticism-Sociability: r = -.26, Tolerance-Shy: r = -.14, Tolerance-Sociability: r = .26).
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety, Personality Tests for Social Behavior
Number of items: 10 Items
Language of items: German
Gefahrenerwartungsfragebogen bei Flugreisen (GES)
Mühlberger, A., Herrmann, M.J., Pauli, P. (2010)
The GES for air travel covers a component of fear of flying, namely the frequency with which fears of being exposed to external physical or social threats arise during a flight. The scale was developed to test the theoretical model of anxious behaviour of Gursky and Reiss (1987). The GES contains nine items. Reliability: The internal consistency was Cronbach's Alpha = .86. The estimate of the 3-month retest reliability yielded a value of rtt = .67. Validity: A factor analysis shows that the two scales represent two different factors. The GES correlated with the question of the fear of flying to r = .16, but not with the avoidance behaviour (r = -.01). Positive correlations were found with the Fear of Flying Scale and the two subscales Turbulence and Landing - in accordance with the theoretical conception. In line with the hypothesis, there was only a small correlation (r = .12) to the divergent Anxiety Expectancy Scale, and as expected, there was no significant correlation with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (r = -.01).
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety, Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 9 Items
Language of items: German
Angsterwartungsfragebogen bei Flugreisen (AES)
Mühlberger, A., Herrmann, M.J., Pauli, P. (2010)
The German version of the AES for air travel measures a component of fear of flying, namely the strength of the expectation that symptoms of fear will occur during a flight. The scale was developed to allow the theoretical model of anxiety behaviour of Gursky and Reiss (1987) to be verified. The AES for air travel contains 10 items that are concrete and behavioural, but not scheduled. They describe various anxiety-related symptoms or feelings. Reliability: The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the original version was alpha = .90 and the retestreliability was rtt = .62. The internal consistency of the German version was alpha = .81. The estimation of the 3-month Retestreliability yielded a value of rtt = .75. Validity: A factor analysis shows that the two scales represent two different factors. The AES correlated with the question of the fear of flying to r = .34 and the avoidance behaviour to r = .28. Positive correlations were also found to the Fear of Flying Scale and its subscales with the exception of the subscale Turbulences. In accordance with the hypothesis, there was only a lower correlation to the divergent hazard expectation questionnaire, but an unexpectedly high correlation to the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, which questions the independence of the two constructs.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety, Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 10 Items
Language of items: German
Bochumer Bindungsfragebogen (BoBi)
Neumann, E., Rohmann, E., Bierhoff, H.-W. (2012)
The BoBi represents the German adaptation of the questionnaire Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR; Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998), which was developed on the basis of binding theoretical assumptions. The dimensional measurement of the partnership bond followed in these two questionnaires builds on the model of bonding styles developed by Ainsworth et al. (1978) to describe different qualities of parent-child bonds. According to Hazan and Shaver (1987), the model can also be applied to partnership relationships in adulthood. The BoBi records the self-assessment of the partnership relationship along the two dimensions "avoidance" and "fear" with 18 items each. Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .81-.91. Validity: Factor-analytical investigations point to a very good factorial validity of both scales. Furthermore, it could be shown that avoidance and fear at different levels correlate with constructs such as love styles, self-esteem and self-construction, which speaks for the discriminatory validity of the two BoBi scales. Since correlations between the scales and external criteria were found, criterion validity can also be regarded as given. Overall, the test has a high construct validity.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Social Behavior, Interaction diagnostics (Family, Couples)
Number of items: 36 Items
Language of items: German
Experiences in Close Relationships Scale - German 10-Item Short Form (ECR-G-10)
Neumann, E., Rohmann, E. & Sattel, H. (2024)
The ECR-G-10 is used for self-assessment of experiences and behavior in adult attachment to romantic partners. The questionnaire is the short form of the Bochum Attachment Questionnaire (BoBi), the German version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR). The two attachment dimensions of avoidance and anxiety are measured with 10 items. Reliability: The internal consistency of the two scales proved to be acceptable to high in several samples (ω = .73-.84, α = .72-.81). Validity: The examination of factorial validity yielded a good model fit. The construct validity of both scales was demonstrated by convergent and discriminant correlations with scales on romantic relationships, personality, and mental health that were in line with expectations.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Social Behavior, Interaction diagnostics (Family, Couples)
Number of items: 10 Items
Language of items: German
Fragebogen zum Verhalten in sozialen Situationen (SMSC)
Collani, G. v., Stürmer, S. (2009)
The goal of the SMSC is to determine the degree of self-monitoring of a person. The SMSC is based on the English language version of Snyder (1974). The adaptation contains a total of 35 items divided into four subscales: (A) self-presentation in front of an audience (k = 11), (O) orientation towards others (k = 9), (S) sensitivity to expressive behavior and social cues (k = 8) and (E) extraversion (k = 7). Reliability: The internal consistency for the total scale was alpha = .65-.74. For the subscales, the results vary from alpha = .56 to alpha = .78. Validity: In order to assess the validity of the procedure, correlations from two samples with data on various criteria constructs such as social anxiety (Lueck, 1971), social uncertainty (Ullrich & Ullrich de Muynck, 1994), extraversion (FPI; Fahrenberg, Hampel & Selg, 1989), Machiavellianism (Cloetta, 1983; Henning & Six, 1977) and self-attention (Filipp & Freudenberg, 1989) were examined and confirmed.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Social Behavior
Number of items: 35 Items
Language of items: German
Kurzskala zur Erfassung von Leistungsangst vor schulischen Rechtschreibsituationen (LARs)
Faber, G. (2010)
The LARs tries to fill a gap in the methodological repertoire of performance anxiety research. It includes 13 items that are assigned to the two components of spelling solicitousness (k = 8) and spelling anxiety (k = 5). Reliability: In both studies, the internal consistencies were calculated using Cronbach's alpha (alpha = .85-.90), the split-half reliability upgraded according to Spearman-Brown, and the standard measurement errors. The corresponding values were sufficient overall. The stability of the LARs sum values in the longitudinal validation sample (within a time interval of almost 11 months) amounted to rtt = .74. Validity: Factor analyses suggested a single-factor solution. For construct validation, various selected self-concept, anxiety, motivation, school achievement and behaviour characteristics of the pupils were used as external criteria. Multiple regression analyses made it clear that the sum values of the LARs short scale were best predicted at the level of cognitive-motivation student variables by the spell-specific self-concept, and at the level of school achievement by the spelling competencies. The method can claim provisional construct validity as far as as the relationships of the feature information it captures with both the convergent vs. divergent performance variables and the cognitive-motivational reference variables proved to be sufficiently area-specific.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety, School-Related Attitudes
Number of items: 13 Items
Language of items: German
Fragebogen zur emotionsspezifischen Selbsteinschätzung emotionaler Kompetenzen (SEK-ES)
Ebert, D.D., Christ, O., Berking, M. (2014)
The SEK-ES measures emotional regulation competencies in a way that is emotionally specific and not across emotions in general, in contrast to the methods for measuring emotional regulation available to date. The theoretical and conceptual basis of the procedure was the competence-oriented model of adaptive emotion regulation by Berking (2010) and the SEK-27 developed to measure the components contained therein. Accordingly, the SEK-ES represents an emotion-specific modification of the SEK-27. The procedure consists of a part A) Feelings and moods (50 items) and a part B) Dealing with feelings and moods (12 items per affective reaction). Reliability: The internal consistencies lie between Cronbach's alpha = .67 and .97. For the retestreliabilities (4-week interval), values between rtt = .41 and rtt = .70 were calculated. Validity: The construct validity of the procedure is indicated by expected factor charges, hypothesis-compliant differences between control and clinical samples, and expected correlations to related constructs.
Constructs/Subject headings: Self-concept, Psychosomatic Disorders
Number of items: 146 Items
Language of items: German
Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale - deutsche Fassung (PSAS)
Gieselmann, A., de Jong-Meyer, R., Pietrowsky, R. (2014)
The PSAS is a self-assessment tool and measures the level of cognitive and physical arousal in the pre-sleep phase. Cognitive arousal refers to intrusive cognitions experienced as uncontrollable, while physical arousal refers to the perception of vegetative arousal, for example in the form of racing heart or excessive sweating. It consists of two scales: (1) Scale for recording physical arousal (8 items) and (2) Scale for recording cognitive arousal (7 items). Reliability: The internal consistency was Cronbach's Alpha = .94 (cognitive arousal) and Alpha = .80 (physical arousal). Validity: The validity of the procedure is supported by expected correlations between the PSAS totals and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Physical arousal: r = .55; Cognitive arousal: r = .61) and between the PSAS total and the PSQI subscales of sleep latency, sleep duration and sleep efficiency (Cognitive excitation: r = .62, r = .27, r = .20; Physical excitation: r = .40, r = .27, r = .16). In addition, the PSAS subscales could distinguish well between bad and good sleepers.
Constructs/Subject headings: Psychosomatic Disorders
Number of items: 15 Items
Language of items: German
Skalen zur Selbsteinschätzung mündlicher Erzählkompetenz und Ängstlichkeit vor Erzählsituationen im Englischunterricht (mEKBA-L2E)
Faber, G. (2010)
The mEKBA-L2E-Scales are designed to measure essential aspects of self-assessment of oral narrative competence (SEEK) and anxiety before teaching narrative situations (BAES) in English. Based on the empirical results, the 18 items used can be clearly assigned to the following subscales: 11 items form the scale "Self-assessment of own narrative competence". (SEEK), seven items form the scale "Concern and excitement about teaching narrative situations". BAES. The scales were used and tested in a sample of 256 students from ninth grade of the secondary school level I. Reliability: The internal consistency is Cronbach's alpha = .88 for the SEEK scale and alpha = .90 for the BAES scale. Validity: An exploratory factor analysis revealed a clear two-factorial charge pattern. In particular, the school subject and also requirement-specific differential relationships of the SEEK and BAES scale sums with selected cognitive-motivational as well as performance-related criterion variables prove the temporary construct validity of the method.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Anxiety, School-Related Attitudes
Number of items: 18 Items
Language of items: German
PhoPhiKat-45 (PhoPhiKat-45)
Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T. (2014)
The measure has been designed for use with adults aged 18 and over, but there are also versions for children (from 6;0) and adolescents (from 13;0). Three dispositions with 15 items each are assessed, which are related to laughing, laughing at somebody and being laughed at: Fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia), the joy of being laughed at (gelatophilia) and the joy of laughing at others (cataract elasticity). The development of the method is based on the definition of gelotophilia and catagelasticism by Ruch and Proyer (2009) and their research on gelotophobia. Reliability: There are mean selectivities of rit = .58, rit = .52 and rit = .46 for gelatophobia, geotophilia and catagelasticism and internal consistencies between Cronbach's alpha = .84 and alpha = .88. Test-retest correlations (3 and 6 months) are between rtt = .73 and rtt = .86. Validity: A factor analysis of the items and the intercorrelation of the scales support the construct validity. There are numerous other findings on validity. Norms : There are comparative samples as well as empirically derived cut-off values for the gelotophobia scale.
Constructs/Subject headings: Personality Tests for Social Behavior, Other Personality Tests
Number of items: 45 Items
Language of items: German
Skala zu studentischen Besorgtheits-, Vermeidungs- und Aufgeregtheitskognitionen bezüglich statistischer Anforderungen in erziehungswissenschaftlichen Lehr-Lern-Kontexten (BEVAST-EWL)
Faber, G., Drexler, H., Stappert, A. (2018)
The scale is intended to assess the extent of subjective anxiety and excitement realized by students, as well as the corresponding tendencies towards avoidance with regard to coping with statistical requirements in the context of educational science teaching and learning contexts. It consists of 17 four-level estimation items. Reliability: The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was sufficient for this scale in both examination samples (alpha = .49-.76). Validity: The relationships of the scale to selected performance measures and cognitive-motivation reference variables were conceptually as expected. There was only a slight connection with the verbal self-concept of the students, which speaks for the domain-specific measuring claim of the scale.
Constructs/Subject headings: Self-concept, Personality Tests for Anxiety
Number of items: 17 Items
Language of items: German
Herzangstfragebogen (HAF)
Hoyer, J., Eifert, G. (2009)
The HAF is used to identify cardiac anxieties in the context of cardiological diseases. Heart-related anxiety can occur both as a symptomatology of thoracic complaints without an organ-medical correlate and as a comorbid syndrome of organic heart disease, where it can make rehabilitation more difficult and can lead to chronic symptoms. The HAF consists of 17 items with the subscales Avoidance, Fear and Self-Awareness. Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .69-.92. Validity: The HAF scales avoidance and fear as well as the total HAF value correlate negatively with the scales of the questionnaire on the general state of health SF-12 (r = -.28 to -.53), while the "selfattention" correlates positively with values r = .25-.35. With the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D), the correlations are r = .16-.47. As expected, the subscales correlated relatively highly with the overall value (r = .70-.86). Among each other, the subscales correlated between r = .20-.52 (avoidance-self attention). This speaks for cardiac anxiety as a relatively uniform construct. With respect to the subscales, panic patients showed a significantly increased fear of heart-related symptoms and patients with cardiac arrhythmias a stronger avoidance. As expected, chronically ill patients show the lowest values on all scales and in total.
Constructs/Subject headings: Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 17 Items
Language of items: German
Beziehungsspezifische Bindungsskalen für Erwachsene (BBE)
Asendorpf, J.B., Banse, R., Wilpers, S., Neyer, F.J. (2002)
With the bonding scales - based on Bartholomew's model of bonding styles in adulthood - the quality of the binding to important reference persons in adulthood is to be assessed by means of the axes "safe anxious" and "dependent independent". In total, the questionnaire contains 36 items. Reliability: A Cronbach's alpha of .71-.87 and 6-month stability of rtt = .70-.84 are reported. Validity: The scale "Sure-anxious" correlates highly positively with the Bartholomew prototype "Sure" and highly negatively with "Scared"; the scale "Dependent-independent" correlates highly negatively with the prototype "Rejecting". Furthermore, there are correlations between relationship characteristics relevant for commitment and the BBE: For the scale "Sure-anxious", positive correlations with the relationship quality "Potential support" and negative correlations with "Conflictiness" were found. For the scale "Dependency-independent" positive correlations with "Contact frequency" were found for the concrete relationships with mother, father and partner (not for peers); further correlations are similar to those of the scale "Sure-anxious" in an attenuated form. Discriminant validities were determined, among other things, by correlating the binding scales with characteristics of a control relationship (mother-father; peers of the same sex-peers of the opposite sex; partner-counter-gender friends) and then checking these correlations for significant deviations from the convergent validities.
Constructs/Subject headings: Interaction diagnostics (Family, Couples), Therapy related diagnostics
Number of items: 36 Items
Language of items: German
Lehrerverhaltensinventar (LVI)
Lukesch, H., Haenisch, H., Kischkel, K.H., Fend, H. (2001)
The LVI allows teachers' behaviour (affective references and teaching quality) to be assessed through pupil assessments. The four subscales (1) structure vs. unstructured, (2) severity vs. pupil orientation, (3) high overview (monitoring) vs. low overview of class events, (4) waste of time vs. use of time consist of 10 items each. Reliability: The reliabilities of the four scales (according to Hoyt) range between rtt = .80 and rtt = .88. Validity: There are numerous findings on empirical validity that allow a good classification of the scales. Further proofs of validity are to be mentioned: Correlations with the scales of support and severity by Heinrich (1974), the sensitivity of the LVI in the recording of differences in school types, correlations with affective characteristics of the individual student situation (teacher's sense of well-being, use of the offer, popularity of the subject, difficulty in the subject, cumulative deficits, fear in oral examinations, fear in class tests), numerous significant correlations with school performance, which indicate that the differences in performance between students and school classes are also determined by the factor "teacher". Standards: There is item-specific normalization (25th and 75th percentile rank) and scale-specific normalization (percentile rank norms, T-values and stanine values). The investigation took place in 1978.
Constructs/Subject headings: School-Related Attitudes
Number of items: 40 Items
Language of items: German
Activities-Specific Balance Confidence-Skala (ABC-D)
Schott, N. (2011)
The ABC-D is a self-evaluation test to assess the self-efficacy associated with falling. It contains 16 items from which the two subscales (1) fall related self-efficacy with simple activities (7 items) and (2) fall related self-efficacy with complex activities (9 items) are formed. Reliability: For the internal consistency, values between alpha = .91 and alpha = .95 were obtained. The selectivity varied between rit = .64 and rit = .88. With Pearson correlations from rtt =.94 to rtt = .98, the ABC-D showed very good temporal stability over the ten-day test-retest interval. Validity: A main component analysis with Varimax rotation resulted in a two factor solution. The convergent validity was checked by correlations with standardized measures for quality of life, depression, cognitive functions and balance, strength and mobility. The rank correlations with the construct-related external criteria are generally in line with expectations and are at medium altitude. Finally, plausible age effects as well as correlations with previous fall experiences were found. A study of 60- to 89-year-olds provided further evidence of convergent validity (e.g. with mountain balance scale, FAB-D, Timed-Up-And-Go test).
Constructs/Subject headings: Developmental Measures, Well-being and Resilience
Number of items: 16 Items
Language of items: German
Skalendokumentation "Persönliche Ziele von SchülerInnen" (SD:PZVS)
Stöber, J. (2002)
The Personal Goals of School Students Scales contains a compilation of several scales or items that have been used to record the personal goals of students. It comprises 23 scales, each consisting of a different number of items and taken from several personality tests. They were given in a research project based on three or four studies (n = 309, n2 = 320, n3 = 350, n3-P = 217) between 2000 and 2001. Reliability: Reliability (internal consistency and stability) was calculated for each scale. The stability values were calculated using Study 3 and the follow-up study 3-P (interval: 5-8 months), which was conducted by post. Reliability was above rtt = .50 for all scales; half was above rtt = .70 to a maximum of rtt = .82. Validity: The validity was not calculated. standards: Standards tables are listed for all scales, which include mean values and standard deviations at item and scale level.
Constructs/Subject headings: School-Related Attitudes
Number of items: unterschiedliche viele Items pro Skala
Language of items: German
Schuldinduzierender Szenarien Test (SIT)
Geissner, E., Knechtl, L., Baumert, A., Rothmund, T., & Schmitt, M. (2022)
The Guilt-Inducing Scenarios Test (SIT) is designed to assess the guilt experience of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Its development is based on a collection of 33 characterizing themes of obsessive-compulsive patients, which were reformulated into scenarios. With a total of 22 items, the procedure comprises two scales (1 guilt experience from interpersonal responsibility and consideration, k =13; 2 guilt experience from moral/norm violation and risk aversion, k = 9). Reliability: The internal consistency according to Cronbach of the first scale is α = .91, that of the second scale α = .86. Validity: To test validity, the difference of the constructs compulsion, depression, and guilt was analyzed in persons with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. The construct guilt in particular showed significant group differences, which could also be revealed by the SIT.
Constructs/Subject headings: Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 22 Items
Language of items: German
Deutsche Version der Future Anxiety Scale (FAS-d)
Wieczorek S. & Hock, M. (2023)
The German adaptation of the Future Anxiety Scale (FAS-d) measures future anxiety as a temporally stable trait. It contains 25 items (and four buffer items), each of which must be answered on a seven-point rating scale. Reliability: Cronbach's internal consistency and stability after approximately 30 days are α = .93 and rtt = .88, respectively. Validity: The analysis of convergent and discriminant correlations with anxiety and depression measures, respectively, as well as with Big Five variables yielded hypothesis-compliant results.
Constructs/Subject headings: Anxiety and Anxiety disorders, Personality Tests for Anxiety
Number of items: 25 Items
Language of items: German
Fullerton Advanced Balance Skala - deutsche Fassung (FAB-D)
Schott, N. (2011)
The FAB-D is a motor test battery with a total of 10 static and dynamic tasks to identify even minor differences in the different dimensions of postural control in older, independently living adults. Reliability: The internal consistency for the overall scale resulted in Cronbach's Alpha = .88. The selectivity coefficients vary between .53 < = rit < = .72. With rtt = .97 for the overall scale, the FAB-D showed a very good temporal stability (14-day interval). Validity: An explorative factor analysis showed a two factor solution. Due to the violation of the hypothetically assumed single factor model, a further factor analysis was carried out under specification of a factor to be extracted (51.85 % total variant elucidation). Evidence for the convergent validity can be seen in the consistently high correlation coefficients with equilibrium tests (Berg-Balance-Scale; ABC-D-Scale; Timed-Up-And-Go-Test: r = .56-.69). The age has an influence on the equilibrium ability. Gender and body composition have a small effect. In addition, people with fall experience, women and older adults had a poorer ability to balance. FAB-D correlates highly significantly with SF-36 and the motor tests. For the subscale cognitive flexibility there is an additional significant correlation.
Constructs/Subject headings: Developmental Measures, Achievement, Aptitude and Ability Tests
Number of items: 10 Items
Language of items: German
Attention and Performance Self-Assessment - deutsche Fassung (APSA)
Bankstahl, U.S., Görtelmeyer, R. (2014)
APSA is used for the assessment and analysis of everyday memory and concentration performance in individuals with different subclinical or clinically significant underlying diseases. The questionnaire consists of a total of 21 items. The results can be presented in the form of a total value (APS-20) or they can be made up from two subscale values for nine items each, the "Prospective memory performance" (AP-F1) and the "Difficulty in maintaining focused attention performance" (AP-F2). Reliability: Retestreliabilities in the form of intraclass correlations (ICC) and internal consistencies in the form of Cronbach's alpha were calculated. For the total value an ICC = .90 resulted, for the subscale AP-F1 ICC = .91 and for the subscale AP-F2 ICC = .87. Alpha was > .89 for all scales. Validity: The discriminant and convergent validity was calculated on the basis of correlations with corresponding methods. Thus the APSA total scale correlates with the HADS subscales anxiety (r = .63) and depression (r = .54) as well as with the tinnitus impairment questionnaire-12 (r = .52) in line with expectations.
Constructs/Subject headings: Intelligence Tests, Psychiatric and Neuropsychological Disorders
Number of items: 21 Items
Language of items: German
Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale - deutsche Version (MAAS)
Michalak, J., Heidenreich, T., Ströhle, G., Nachtigall, C. (2011)
The MAAS is used to measure (self-assessed) dispositional "mindfulness". "Mindfulness" is characterized by three characteristics: (1) intentional, (2) related to the present moment, and (3) non-judgmental. The questionnaire contains 15 self-referential statements. Reliability: The internal consistency of the MAAS was Cronbach's Alpha = .83. The retest reliability (interval: 21 days) was rtt = .82. Validity: The structural validity is confirmed by the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. The convergent validity is supported by the correlation of r = .43 with the Freiburg Questionnaire on Mindfulness. For construct validity, correlations with NEO-FFI, BDI, BAI, the Satisfaction With Life Scale and the questionnaire for recording dispositional self-attention are reported. An intervention study in n = 25 patients with recurrent depressive disorders provided first indications of the change sensitivity of the MAAS. The patients were treated with Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy outside acute disease phases. Mindfulness increased significantly over the course of the 8-week treatment phase (effect strength: d = 0.70). In addition, the MAAS values proved to be suitable for predicting depressive relapses one year after the end of treatment. This was true even if the number of previous depressive episodes and the BDI values were statistically controlled.
Constructs/Subject headings: Other Personality Tests, Other Clinical Tests
Number of items: 15 Items
Language of items: German
Emotion Regulation Questionnaire - deutsche Fassung (ERQ)
Abler, B., Kessler, H. (2011)
The ERQ is used to measure the self-assessed preference for two strategies of emotion regulation which, on the one hand, have a direct effect on the reactions in emotional situations and, on the other hand, are to have a connection with individual patterns of shaping social relationships and well-being. The ERQ goes back to a model formulated by Gross (2002) on the course and regulation of emotional reactions. The questionnaire contains 10 self-referential statements that relate to dealing with positive and negative feelings and distribute on the scales (1) reassessment/reappraisal (k = 6) and (2) suppression (k = 4). Reliability: The internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) of the final version was Alpha = .74 and Alpha = .76. Validity: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were calculated. Main component analyses with subsequent varimax rotation resulted in two factors with an eigenvalue > 2 in all three samples; the screen plot clearly indicated a two-factor solution. The two factors could explain 50 % of the variance in the final version of the method (V3). First indications of the convergent and discriminant validity of the questionnaire result from its correlative relationships to other methods (AEQ, SCL-90).
Constructs/Subject headings: Attribution and control belief, Personality Tests for Social Behavior
Number of items: 10 Items
Language of items: German
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - Recreational Activities of Daily Living-Skala (RADL-ICF-Skala)
Linden, M. (2018)
The RADL-ICF scale measures the spectrum and extent of non-occupational and recreational leisure activities and can record changes in activity levels during the course of therapy. The RADL-ICF scale was developed on the basis of the bio-psycho-social model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF; WHO, 2001) and on the basis of the two instruments NPI Interest Check List and the Pleasant Event Scale. The measure is available in three versions: (1) The RADL-ICF-37-A scale has 37 items and is used to measure the current level of activity. The activities can be grouped into five major categories: (a) Cultural activities (k = 9; e.g. trips/travel), (b) Hobbies (k = 7; e.g. photography), (c) Social activities (k = 6; e.g. meeting friends), (d) Physical activities (k = 10; e.g. swimming) and (e) Domestic activities (k = 5; e.g. cooking). (2) The RADL ICF-37-E scale has the same 37 items and is used to assess activity changes under therapy. (3) The RADL-ICF-20 scale has only four major categories. Reliability: There is no information on reliability. Validity: The items of the RADL-ICF scale correspond to the categories of the ICF and can therefore be regarded as valid. For each item the category number from the ICF is given. The validity of the RADL ICF scale is also supported by the empirical results found.
Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests, Well-being and Resilience
Number of items: 37 Items (RADL-ICF-37-A/RADL-ICF-37-E); 20 Items (RADL-ICF-20-Skala)
Language of items: German
Skalen der Einstellungsstruktur ehrenamtlicher Helfer (SEEH)
Bierhoff, H.-W., Schülken, T., Hoof, M. (2012)
The SEEH are designed to measure the willingness to make voluntary contributions to non-profit organisations. The method is based on the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991). It consists of 23 items and eight scales that correspond to the two superordinate dimensions "Self-serving orientation" and "Self-serving orientation" (6 subscales of 3 items each, exception: social influence with 2 items) and "Altruistic orientation" (2 subscales of 3 items each). Reliability: For the individual scales, internal consistencies in the range of alpha = .71-.85 could be demonstrated in three studies (exception: scale of occupational equalisation: alpha = .52-.60). Validity: The factorial validity of the questionnaire could be consistently proven in three studies. Both the eight scales and their charges on the two superordinate dimensions were confirmed. This also confirmed the construct validity of the scales. There were zero correlations between SEEH and social desirability. The construct validity is further supported by expected and found systematic correlations with the age of the respondents and with the type of organisation for which the voluntary work is carried out. The overlaps in content with other questionnaires for recording attitudes towards voluntary work also speak for the plausibility of the procedure. With a previous version of the SEEH scales Social Responsibility, Career and Political Responsibility, further results were found that confirm the criterion-related validity of the scales.
Constructs/Subject headings: Social Attitudes, Personality Tests for Social Behavior
Number of items: 23 bzw. 26 Items
Language of items: German
Partner Violence Screen - deutsche Fassung (PVS)
Riecher-Rössler, A., Aston, J. (2009)
The PVS is a diagnostic instrument for identifying domestic violence, especially among women. It focuses on physical and sexualised violence. It consists of five items, each of which can be affirmed or denied. A single affirmative answer is already considered a positive result, which indicates that the woman is exposed to domestic violence. Reliability: No data. Validity: To measure convergent validity, the results of the PVS were compared with the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA). Of n = 74 participants, the PVS with the original three items (sensitivity 79%, specificity 70%) determined 36 as positive, i.e. experiencing domestic violence, and 38 as negative. Of the 22 participants identified as positive by the PVS, the ISA also rated 22 as positive and 14 as negative, and of the participants identified as negative by the PVS, 6 as positive and 32 as negative. Of n = 65 participants, the PVS in the 12-month version with five items (sensitivity 80%, specificity 78%) determined 29 as positive and 36 as negative. Of the 20 participants identified as positive by the PVS, the ISA also assessed 29 as positive and 9 as negative, and of the participants identified as negative by the PVS, 5 as positive and 31 as negative.
Constructs/Subject headings: Interaction diagnostics (Family, Couples)
Number of items: 5 Items
Language of items: German
Qualität der Objektbeziehungen-Skala (QORS)
Löffler-Stastka, H. (2009)
The QORS is used to quantify the quality of the object relationship patterns. Furthermore, it is used to differentiate and examine the present object relation level. This is used for personality classification and enables a dimensional assessment of character structures. The scale is a German translation of the "Quality of Object Relations Scale" by Azim et al. (1991). The theoretical basis is the psychoanalytic object relations theory. In an initial one-hour interview, the patient's significant relationships are inquired about using open-ended conversation. After one week, a second structured interview is conducted to help clarify and differentiate object relationship levels. This is followed by the application of the QORS. Reliability: Not specified. Validity: A Pearson product moment correlation was calculated between the intuitive value of the interviewer and the arithmetic value, resulting in a high correlation. Furthermore, slight correlations were found between a low QORS total score and a more frequent diagnosis on DSM-III axis II and clearer correlations to psychotherapy utilization, GAF score and specific affect regulation parameters. In terms of prognostic validity, high agreement was found between the QORS and assessment of psychotherapy outcome, particularly on therapeutic working alliance and efficacy of transference interpretations.
Constructs/Subject headings: Other Clinical Tests
Number of items: 5 Items
Language of items: German
Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire - deutsche Fassung (CPAQ-D)
Nilges, P., Köster, B., Schmidt, C.O. (2011)
The questionnaire measures aspects of "pain acceptance", defined as "efforts to maintain one's own functional level despite existing limitations and the tendency not to want to avoid pain at all costs" (Nilges et al., 2007, p. 60). People with high pain acceptance therefore focus their attention less on pain and its elimination than on opportunities to actively participate in private, social and professional life despite certain pain-related impairments. The CPAQ-D contains 20 statements relating to the management and evaluation of chronic pain. They are grouped into two subscales: (1) Willingness in activity (k = 10) and (2) Willingness in pain (k = 8). Reliability: Cronbach's alpha is alpha = .84-.87. Validity: Both CPAQ-D subscales and the overall scale correlated moderately to highly negatively with indicators of mental stress (e.g. General Depression Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - German Version, Coping Strategies Questionnaire , PDI, SES). On the other hand, there were no or only minor correlations with other pain measures, e.g. the chronification stage according to the Mainz stage concept of chronic pain, sensory pain intensity, previous pain duration in years and other indicators of pain intensity as well as experimentally recorded differences in the thermal pain threshold. In addition, no correlation between the current pain intensity and pain acceptance could be demonstrated (r = .16).
Constructs/Subject headings: Psychosomatic Disorders, Well-being and Resilience
Number of items: 20 Items
Language of items: German
Fragebogen zu Einstellungen zu Sterben, Tod und Danach (FESTD)
Klug, A. (2007)
The FESTD measures specific death-related attitudes and investigates their influence on experience and behaviour. It consists of 144 items in 20 main scales and six additional scales. Seven further items deal with life expectancy and ask for objective data on experiences with dying, dead and life-threatening diseases. Reliability: Cronbach's alpha of the subscales is in the range of .64-.95. The profile reliability of all 20 main scales is profrtt = .81. In addition (with two exceptions) sufficiently high reliability coefficients of the scale differences were calculated. Validity: The validation of scales to death related settings poses a problem, since no clear external criteria are available. However, the factor structure could be replicated on another student sample. Consistent relationships were found between the FESTD scales and various personality traits (trait anxiety, general competence expectations, mental health, self-esteem, etc.) and consistent response patterns of religious persons. Social desirability tendencies had no significant influence.
Constructs/Subject headings: Other Attitude test
Number of items: 144 Items
Language of items: German
Ungewissheitstoleranzskala (UGTS)
Dalbert, C. (2002)
The UGTS with eight items for identifying how uncertain situations are evaluated allows the cross-divisional differentiation of persons based on their tolerance of uncertainty. Research on the tolerance of ambiguity or uncertainty goes back to Frenkel-Brunswik (1949). Reliability: Cronbach's alpha was alpha = .66-.72. Stability coefficients are rtt = .72 (6-month interval), rtt = .75 (3-week interval) and rtt = .71 (6-8-month interval). Validity: The single factor model could be confirmed by factor analysis. Several studies show that the UGTS could not be replaced by an authoritarianism scale for various predictions. Under stress, persons tolerant of uncertainty showed a better current well-being than persons intolerant of uncertainty. Aggregated over situations, UGTS correlated positively with habitual well-being. High UGTS values were associated with a high probability of positive reinterpretation and a low probability of avoiding coping reactions. Persons intolerant of uncertainty had a higher agreement with the treating therapists in their problem assessments than persons tolerant of uncertainty. High scores on the UGTS were more likely to be associated with seeking new information.
Constructs/Subject headings: Other Personality Tests
Number of items: 8 Items
Language of items: German English
Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms – Deutsche Version (IDAS-II)
Wester, R., Rubel, J., Zimmermann, J., Hall, M., Kaven, L., Watson, D. (2021)
The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms - German Version (IDAS-II), translated from English into German, is a self-report questionnaire on specific symptoms of anxiety and affective disorders. The IDAS-II consists of 18 scales and a total of 98 items. Reliability: Internal consistency for all scales McDonald`s ω >.80 (exception: euphoria (ω = .75) and compulsion to order (ω = .73)). Validity: Findings of convergent and discriminant validity are available. Norms: Standardization took place in 2021 on two samples with a total of N = 1054 individuals (51% female, age: 18-74 years) from Germany. T-scores are available as norms.
Constructs/Subject headings: Depression and Suicidality, Anxiety and Anxiety disorders
Number of items: 99 Items
Language of items: German
Belastende Kindheitserfahrungen (KERF-I)
Thekkumthala, D., Schalinski, I., Parigger, A., Ruf-Leuschner M., Elbert, T. & Schauer, M. (2023)
The KERF-I is a structured interview and was developed based on the original English version of the MACE (Teicher & Parigger, 2011; 2015) for comprehensive, retrospective questioning of adults regarding interpersonal stressful childhood experiences. It includes 75 questions. Reliability: no data are available. Validity: Correlations with the CTQ in a sample of n = 32 female subjects demonstrate the convergent validity of the instrument and moderate to high correlations with various psychopathology scores are also available.
Constructs/Subject headings: Other Personality Tests, Other Clinical Tests
Number of items: 75 Items
Language of items: German
Inventory of Complicated Grief - deutsch (ICG-D)
Lumbeck, G., Brandstätter, M. & Geissner, E. (2022)
The ICG-D was developed based on the original English version (Prigerson et al., 1995) to assess complicated grief. It consists of a total of 19 items. Reliability: The internal consistency of the items was α = .87. The retest reliability after 4 weeks was rtt = .69. Validity: To examine validity, the ICG-D was compared with the BDI and subscales of the SCL-90-R. The correlation with the BDI was rtt = .38. The correlation with the BDI was r = .38, with the depression subscale of the SCL-90-R r = .32, with the somatization subscale r = .25, and with the anxiety subscale r = .25. The correlation of the total score of the SCL-90-R with the ICG-D was r = .37.
Constructs/Subject headings: Psychosomatic Disorders, Other Clinical Tests
Number of items: 19 Item
Language of items: German
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